A Glimpse on Herbal Anti-ulcer Agents

 

Mohana Rupa Alapaka, Sreeja Arava, Yamini Popuri, Lavanya Thummala, Madhusha Manda, Vamsi Krishna Reddy Penubolu, Afsar Shaik*

Department of Pharmacology, Narayana Pharmacy College, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore- 524002,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Peptic Ulcer is a one of the most effective, and commonly occurring gastrointestinal disorder among the world wide population. It is an erosion of the stomach lining which may leads to severe acidity and later on ulcer if not treated most common to cause cancer. There are a lot of medications available in the market to treat this complication but the exact cure is not available till date. Hence the aim of the present review was focused on natural sources such as herbal plants in continuation for the search the promising treatment of ulcers. In this review various medicinally proved herbal plants were listed out which may help the young researches to work on their future prospective to build a healthy nation.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Gastric ulcers are the most wide state disease and are very common global problem today [Oliveira F et al., 2014]. Peptic ulcer is a lesion of the gastric and duodenal mucosa occurs at a site, where mucosal epithelial is exposed to acid and pepsin [Pradip Kumar Maury et al., 2012]. It occurs mainly due to an imbalance between the “aggressive” and “protective” factors at the luminal surface of the epithelial cells. The former include Helicobacter pylori, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs [NASIDS], bile acids, ischemia, hypoxia, smoking and alcohol. While the later includes bicarbonates, mucus layer, mucosal blood flow, prostaglandins and growth factor [Borrelli F etal., 2000].

 

 

 

 

The presently available allopathic treatment for the peptic- ulcer are antacids (Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium Trisilicate), Cytoprotective Agents (Sucralfate and the prostaglandin analogue Misoprostol), Muscuranic Antagonists (Pirenzepine), Antimicrobial agents for eradication of H. pylori (Amoxicilin and Clarithromycin), H2 receptor antagonists (Cimitidine and Ranitidine) and proto pump inhibitors (omeprazole and lansoprazole) [4]. More over by using these drugs the complications are associated with the prolonged use of H₂ receptors blockers and proton pump inhibitors: hypersensitivity, arrhythimia, impotence, gynecomastia, hypomagnesemia may decreases the morbidity rate and in some cases the relapse of disease also may occurs [Rao SP et al., 2015].

 

To overcome from these effects, the natural herbal medicine is used with low or no oxic properties than the existing drugs [Rao SP et al., 2014].

 

Hence the present review is prepared to compare and sum up few herbal anti ulcer agents which are promised to have anti ulcer effects.

 

Pathophysiology:

Peptic ulcer is one of the world’s major gastro-intestinal disorders and affecting 10% of the world population. The patho-physiology of peptic ulcer is assigns due to the imbalance between aggressive factors like acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter infection, and the local mucosa defenses like bicarbonate secretion, mucus and prostaglandins. Helicobacter pylori infection, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs-NSAIDs, emotional stress, alcohol abuse, and smoking are the principal etiological factors associated with peptic ulcer. In Helicobacter pylori infections a gram negative bacterium colonizes the human stomach, and is a risk factor for the development of peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. Tissue damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa (or hemorrhagic injury) is produced by exogenous compounds. NSAIDs damage the stomach by suppressing synthesis of gastric prostaglandins. Gastric acid amplifies NSAID effects by deepening superficial lesions, interfering with platelet aggregation, and impairing the ulcer healing process. The suppression of stomach acid secretions is a key therapeutic target for ulcers, and includes the use of antacids, specific muscarinic M1 receptor antagonists, targeting gastrin receptors and histamine H2 receptors, and the use of proton pump inhibitors. The free radicals, or Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are normally neutralized by the action of the antioxidant system consisting of organic substances containing thiol groups, vitamins C and E, NADPH, antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and others When there is an imbalance between ROS and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, ROS lead to oxidative modifications in the cellular membrane and intracellular molecules resulting in peroxidation of membrane lipids, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and cellular damage. Mucosal defensives are nitric oxide-NO1, mucus, bicarbonate, gastrin and prostaglandins, as well mucosal blood flow [Venkateswararao C et al., 2013].

 

Classification of peptic ulcer:

I. Ulcer by Region/Location

a)       Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer)

b)       Oesophagus (called esophageal ulcer)

c)       Stomach (called gastric ulcer)

 

II. Modified Johnson Classification of peptic ulcers:

a)       Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistentiae.

b)       Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers, associated with acid over secretion.

c)       Type III: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus, associated with acid over secretion.

d)       Type IV: Proximal gastro esophageal ulcer. [Venkateswararao C et al., 2013]

e)       Type V: Can occur throughout the stomach, associated with chronic NSAID use (such as aspirin).

 

Synthetic drugs used for the treatment of ulcer:

Treatment for peptic ulcers depends on the cause. Usually treatment will involve killing the H. pylori bacterium, if present, eliminating or reducing use of NSAIDs, if possible, and helping your ulcer to heal with medication.

 

Medications can include:

·         Antibiotic medications to kill H. pylori such as amoxicillin (Amoxil), clarithromycin (Biaxin), metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tindamax), tetracycline (Tetracycline HCL) and levofloxacin (Levaquin).

·         Medications that block acid production and promote healing. Proton pump inhibitors — also called PPIs such asomeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium) and pantoprazole (Protonix).

·         H2 antagonists like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine and nizatidine.

·         Ulcer protectives like sucralfate, colloidal bismuth subcitrate.

·         Ulcer healing drurs like carbenoxolone sodium[Sabira Sultana et al., 2014].

 

Adverse effects of synthetic drugs used for the treatment of Peptic ulcer

Proton pump inhibitor (Omeprazole) inhibits the oxidative metabolism of some drugs by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Experimental studies in normal human subjects have demonstrated that omeprazole significantly increases plasma diazepam concentration and significantly decreases total body clearance. Over doses of omeprazole can produce histologic abnormalities in the gastric mucosa. prolonged usage of omeprazole causes mucosal endocrine cell hyperplasia Several side effects have been noted for the currently available H2-receptor antagonists. A number of dose-dependent neuropsychiatric effects have been reported with the use of cimetidine such as agitation, confusion, lethargy, and mental depression. These effects have been most frequently noted in elderly patients and In those with hepatic or renal dysfunction.. Increased is penetration of cimetidine into the cerebrospinal fluid has been reported for patients with hepatic disease. significant neuropsychiatric effects reported for ranitidine also rapidly reverse with appropriate dose reduction. The major side effect associated with pirenzepine therapy is dry mouth and blurred vision. The major side effect of treatment with prostaglandin is diarrhea, uterine bleeding and the spontaneous abortions. The reported side effects concern with sucralfate include constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, skin rash, headache, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal discomfort[Sabira Sultana et al., 2014].

 

Herbal prospective:

Herbs have been used for centuries around the world. They may be the oldest evidence-based medicine. These remidies have been recorded to cure many types of diseases as a critical therapeutic method in many cultures like native American, European, Egyptian, Indian, Hebrew and Chinese.

 

The herbal remedies work on the principal that the body tends to heal itself if given in the right way and these herbal remedies does not interfere with body’s natural healing process. Herbs show minimum side effects and consider to be safe besides being cheap and locally available. According to the WHO, the use of herbal remedies throughout the world exceeds that of the conventional drugs. This is largely because they feel it is a natural way to get better and more importantly, nature is a better healer.

 

Table 1: List of Medicinal plants claimed to treat peptic ulcer.

S. No	Biological  name	Common name	Family	Parts used	Chemical constituients	Animal used	No.of groups, drugs, dose [mg/kg]	Method used	Reference
1	Acacia catechu	khair, kaat, katthaa	mimosaceae	Heart wood	Catechuic acid, catechutannic acid, acacatechin, catechu red, quercetin, epicatechin, fisitin, quercitin.	Wistar albino rats	Group1 [control] [gum acacia -5ml/kg] Group2[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group3[standard] [ranitidine-100mg/kg]	Pyloric ligation induced ulcer	Patil ss et al., 2010
2	Acacia Senegal and acacia seyal	Gum arabica, kheror khor	Fabaceae	Stems and branches	Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, tannins and phenolics, flavonoids and glucosides.	Wistar albino rats	Group 1[control] [vehicle-1mg/kg] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-50mg/kg] Group 3, 4[test] [extract-500, 1000mg/kg] Group 5, 6[test] [extract+ranitidine-500, 1000mg/kg]	Ethanol and acetic acid induced ulcer	Al-yahya AA et al., 2016
3	Alchornea castaneae folia	Sara, sarao, gurupia	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Alchornein, alchorneinone, isoalchornein, yohimbin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids.	Male swiss albino mice and male wister rats.	Group 1[control] [vehicle, saline-10ml/kg] Group 2[standard] [lansoprazole-30 mg/kg] Group 3[test] [HEL-250, 500, 1000] Group 4 [HEB-1000]	Hcl, ethanol induced ulcer Indomethacin induced and hypothermic restraint stress ulcer	Hiruma-lima CA et al., 2006
4	Avicennia officinalis	Indian mangrove	acanthaceae	Whole plant [leaf]	Alkaloids, phenyloeic acid, flavonoids, zsteriols, pentacyclic triterpinoids	Wistar aibino rats	Group-1[control] [vehicle] Group-2[standard] [omeprazole-30] Group-3[test] [ELEAO-250] Group-4[test] [ELEAO-500]	Aspirin+pyrolus ligation	Suras et al., 2011
5	Beta vulgaris	Chukandar  [or] beet root	chenopodiaceae	Root	Glycine, Betaine.	Albino rats	Group-1[control] Group-2[diseased control] Group-3[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract-400mg/kg] Group-5[standard] [omeprazole-20mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer method	Samyuktha k et al., 2017
6	Buchahania lanzanspreg	char	anacardiaceae	Roots	Celidoniol, vomicine, epinitol, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins	Wistar albino rats	Group-1[normal] Group-2[control] [vehicle10ml/kg] Group-3[test] EBL-200 Group-4[test] EBL400 Group-5[standard] Ranitidine-100	Pyrolic ligation	Kodati d et al., 2010
7	Centella asiatica	Centella gotu kola	mackinalayaceae	leaf	Pentyacyclic triterpinoids, asiaticoside, Asiatic acid, brahmuside, brahmic acid.	Sprague dawley rats	Group1[ulcer control] Group2[standard] [omeprazole -20mg/kg] Group3[test] [extract-abdu100mg/kg] Group4[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group5[test] [extract -400mg/kg]	Ethanol induced, gastric mucosal injury,	Abdulla MA et al., 2010
8	Citrus Medica Linn	Citron, Baranimbu, matulunga, Gajanimbe	Rutacae	Fruit	Ascorbic acid, Flavonoids, phenolics, pectin	Male Wister albino rats	Group 1 [control] [distilled water] Group 2 [untreated group] [water ethanol -5ml/kg] Group 3 [standard ] [Ranitidine-20+ethanol -5ml/kg] Group 4 [test] [extract-250+ethanol-5ml/kg] Group 5 [test] [Extract -500+ethanol-5ml/kg]	Ethanol induced ulcer	Nagaraju B et al., 2012
9	Commiphoramolmol [myrrh]	Myrrh	Burseraceae	Oleo-gum	Limonene, cuminaldehyde, cinnamicaldehyde.	Male rats.	Group1[negative control] Group2[positive ulcer] Group3[standard] [omeprazole-200mg/kg] Group4[extract-125mg/kg] Group5[extract-250mg/kg] Group6[extract-500mg/kg]	Aspirin induced ulcer	Alfky NA et al., 2016
10	Corcoran olitorius	Jute	Tiliaceae	Leaf	Carotinoids, vit-B, -, vit-c, vit-E, minerals and amino acids.	Male albino and Wistar rats	Gropu-1[test] [extract-100mg/kg] Group-2 [test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group-3[test] [extract-400mg/kg] Group-4[positive control] [cimitidine-50mg/kg] Group-5[negative control] [distilled water]	Pyloric ligation, ethanol induced, acetic acid induced and aspirin induced ulcer method	Mezuichristophe et al., 2016
11	Ficus glomerata	Cluster fig tree, goolarfig.	moraceae	Leaves and bark	Sterol, gluonol acetate, lupeol, ceryl behanate, alfa-amyrin acetate, leucocyanidin 3-o-alfa-L-rhamna	Wistar albino rats and swiss albino rats	Group 1[control] [vehicle] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-50mg/kg] Group 3[test] [leaf extract-300mg/kg] Group 4[test] [bark extract-300mg/kg]	Aspirin+pylorus ligation ulcer	Malairajan p et al., 2007
12	Ficus religiosol	Papal asvattha	moraceae	leaf	Protein Carbohydrate, lipid, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, flavonoid, linoleic acid	Spraguedawley rats	Group-1[control] [vehicie] Group-2[control [pyrolic ligation] Group-3[standard] Ranitidine50+Pyrolic ligation Group-4[test] [extract250+pyrolic ligation] GROUP-4[test] [extract500+pyrolic ligation]	Pyrolus ligation, ethane induced, aspirin induced ulcer]	Sahas et al., 2010
13	Flabellaria panicuylatacav.		Malpighiaceae	Leaves and roots.	Alkaloid, trepinoids, ferric chloride, phenolic compounds.	Albino rats and mice	Leaf extract Group 1 [control] [3% tween-20mg/kg] Group 2, 3, 4 [test] [leaf extract-100, 200, 400mg/kg] Root extract Group 1 [control] [water] Group 2, 3, 4[test] [root extract-100, 200, 400mg/kg] Group 5 [standard] [misoprolol-100mg/kg]	Ethanol induced, pylorus ligation and indomethacin induced	Sofidiya MO et al., 2012
13	Hinguchooranam					Wister albino rats	Group-1[control] Group-2[standard] [ranitidine 30 mg/kg] Group-3[test] [extract 100mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract 200mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation method and aspirin induced ulcer	Arivumani K et al., 2013
14	Jasminum grandiflorum linn	Spanish jasmine, royal jasmine	oleaceae	leaves	Alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, carotinoids, carbohydrates and glycosides	Wister albino rats.	Group 1[control] [aspirin-200mg/kg] Group 2[test] [extract -100mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 4[standard] Famotidine-20mg/kg	Aspirin+pylorus ligation induced	Umamaheswari M et al., 2007
15	Jasminum officinale.l	Jasmine, Indian jui	oleaceae	Leaf	Ferpineol Jasmonic acid Jasmolactone Esters Eugenol Eugenyl acetate			Pyrolus ligation	Shailendra khandal et al., 2018
16	Leea Indica	Bandicoot berry	vitaceae	Leaves	Hydrocarbons, palmitic acid, pthalic acid, l-eicosanol, farnesol, soalnasoi, gallic acid, lupeol, ursolic acid.	Wistar albino rats	Group1[ control +pylorus ligation] Group2[standard] [ranitidine-40mg/kg] Group3[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group4[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation	Damayanthi dalu et al., 2018
17	Leucas lanvandufolia	Gumma gummo	Labiatae Lamiaceae	Whole Plant	Linifolioside Isopimarane Rhomnoglucoside	Swiss aibino rats	Group-1[control] [vehicle+ indomethacin] Group-2[standard] [Misoprostol+Indomethacin] Group-3[test] Extract[100+Indomethacin] Group-4[Test] Extract[200+Indomethacin]	Pyrolus ligation+indomethacin induced ulcer	Gupta JK et al 2010
18	Madhuca Indica J.WF Gmel	Mahuwa, mahua, mahwa, vippa chettu.	Sapolaceae	leaves	Myrecuitin, quercitin, myricitrin, triteroinoids, quercitrin and xanthophylls.	Male and Female albino rats and male Swiss albino mice	Group-1[normal control] Group-2[control] Vehicle+naproxen-30mg/kg] Group-3[standard] [omeprazole-30mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract-100mg/kg] Group-5[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group-6[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Naproxen induced ulcer method	Mohod SM et al 2013
19	Maduca longifolia	Mahua butter	sapotaceae	Flowers	Fatty acods, palmitic stearic, oleic, linoleics.	Albino rats	Group1[control] [water-1 mg/kg] Group2 [standard] [ranitidine-30mg/kg] Group3[test] [extract-100 mg/kg] Group4[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group5[test] [extract-300mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation	Kalaivani.m et al., 2013
20	Mangifera Indica	Mango	Anacardiaceae	Seed kernel	Phenolics, saturatedc fatty acids.	Albino rats	Group-1[control] Group-2[diseased control] Group-3[standard] [Ranitidine-32mg/kg] Group-4, 5, 6[test] [extract-100, 200, 400mg/kg]	Acid ethanol induced ulcer	Prabhu k et al., 2015
21	Mimosa Pudica	Chue Mue	Fabacea	Leaves	Flavonoids, quercetin, naringine, saponin, glycosicdes, tannins, gums and mucilage’s.	Wister albino rats	Group 1 [control] [normal saline-2ml/kg] Group 2 [standard] [Ranitidine-20mg/kg] Group 3 [test] [methanolic extract-100, 200mg/kg] Group 4 [test] [chloroform extract-100, 200mg/kg] Group 5 [test] [diethyl ether extract-100, 200mg/kg]	Aspirin+alcohol+pylorus ligation	Vinothapoosh N G et al 2010
22	Momordica dioica raxd	Spine gourd or teasle guard	cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Crude protein, lipids, fiber, carbohydrates, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin	Male Sprague dowley rats	Group-1[normal] [control] Group-2[cold restraint stress induced ulcer] Group-3[test] [extract 100mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract 200mg/kg] Group-5[test] [extract 400mg/kg] Group-6[standard] [ranitidine 50mg/kg]	Ethanol induced ulcer	M.Vijaykumar et al., 2011
23	Momordicacharanfia	Bitter gourd, bitter melon.	cucurbitaceae	Saponins, steols, mucilage, glycosides, alkaloids, steroidal saponins.	Fruits	Albino rats	Group 1[normal control] [vehicle] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-10mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-100mg/kg] Group 4[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 5[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation +aspirin induced ulcer	Rao nv et al 2011
24	Morinda citrifolia linn	Noni	Rubiaceae	Fruit	Octoanoic acid, potassium, vitamine-c, Scopoletin.terpinoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, beta-sitosterol, carotene, vitamine-A, rutin, caprylic acid.	Wister rats.	Group 1 [control] Group 2[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 3 [test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Aspirin induced, alcohol induced and pylorus ligation	Muralidharan p et al., 2009
25	Moringa oleifera	Drumstick tree	moringaceae	Root, bark	Carbohydrates, alkonoids, phenols, flavanoids, proteins, amino acidsand saponins	Male albino rats	Group1[control] [saline water] Group2[standards] [omeprazole-30mg/kg] Group3[test] [extract-150mg/kg] Gropu4 [test] [extract-350mg/kg] Group5[test] [extract-500mg/kg	Pulorus ligation and alcohol induced ulcer	Choudhary MKet al., 2013
26	Morur alba	White mulberry	Moraaceae	leaflets	Flavonoids, Phenols, cumarinus, terperols	Rats	Group-1(control rats ) (10% tween 80 5mg/kg) Group-2 (test rats ) (extract /250) Group-3 (test rats) (extract/500) Group-4(std rats ) (omeprazole/20)	Ethanol induced ulcer	Mahmood amen abdulla et al., 2009
27	Murraya koenigii	Meethi neem	Rataceae	Leaves	Alkaloids, volatile oils, gycozoline, xanthotoxine, serquiterpione	Female albino rats	Grouop 1[control] [distilled water] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-3.5mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 4[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Pyloric ligation, NSAIDS induced ulcer	Dinesh kumar patidar 2011
28	Nigella sativa Linn	Blackcaraway, black cumin, fennel flower, nigella kalonji	Ranunculaceae	Seed	Alkaloids, nigellicin, nigellidin, quanazoline, tannins, steroids, campsterl, cholesterol, stigmas-7-en-3-beta-ol and flavonoids	Wistar albino	Group-1 (control) (saline-2ml/kg) Group-2 (std) (ranitidine-20) Group-3 (test) (alcoholic extract- 150mg/kg)	Pyloric ligation and aspirin induced ulcer	Mohd wasif ahmed et al., 2016
29	Ocimum sanctum	Holy basil tulasi	Lamiaceae	Leaves	Oleanolic acid, urolic acid, roenarinic acid, Eugenol, carvacrol, lina lool, beta -caryophyllene	Wister rats	Group -1(normal) Group2(control) (ethanol+vheical) Group-3(STd) (ethanol +omeprazole) group-4 (test) (ethane +extract-100) Group-5 (test) (ethanol +extact-200)	Ethanol induced ulcer	Ghangale g.ret al., 2009
30	Oldenlandia Corymbosa [L]	Parpata, pitpapdo, diamond flower.	rubiaceae	Whole plant	Olaeanolic acid, ursolic acid, gama-sitosterol alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids	Wistar rats	Group-1 [ontrol] Group-2[standard] [Lansoprazol-8mg/kg] Group-3[test] [alcoholic extrat-200mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Aspirin induced ulcer	Sorabh kumar agrawal 2013
31	Osyris Quadripartita Decne	Wild tea plant	santalaceae	Leaf	Polyphenols, anthracene derivatives, sesquiterpene lactones.	Wistar albino rats	Group-1[negative control] [distilled water] Group-2 [positive control] [RANTIDINE-50mg/kg] Group-3[test control] [extract-100mg/kg] Group -4[test control] [extract-200mg/kg]Group=-5[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer method	Abebaw Met al., 2017
32	Phyllantus niruri L	Plyllanthaceae	euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Carbohydrates, triterpinpids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavanoids, essential oils and secondary metabolites	Female swiss albino rats	Group-1[normal control] [distelled watrer] Group-2 [ethanol control] [water +hcl+ethanol] Group-3[standard] [omeprazole+hcl+ethanol] Grou[p-4[test] [extract-100, 200, 400 mg/kg	Alcohol induced ulcer	Mostofa r et al., 2017
33	Piptadeniastrum africanum		legumunoceae	Stem bark	Saponins, phenols, terpiniodsand flavanoids	Wistar albino rats	G-1(negative control)(distilled water 1ml/100kg) g-2 (positive control)(Maalox -50) G-3(positive control)(ranitidine-50) G-4, 5, 6(test)(aq extract-125, 250, 500) g-7, 8, 9 (test)(methanol extract 125, 250, 500)	Hcl/ethanol induced ulcer	Ateufack Get al., 2015
34	Polyalthia Longifolia	False ashoka	Annonaceae	Leaves		Wistar albino rats and Swiss albino mice	Group-1[control] Group-2[standard] [Ranitidine-50mg/kg] Group-3[test] [Ethanol extract-300mg/kg	Aspirin plus Pylorus ligation induced and HCL –ethanol induced ulcer method	Malairajan p etal., 2008
35	Pongamia pinnata	Ponga, dilkaramacha, pongam	papilionaceae	Leaves	Phytostierols, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, amino acids, saponins, glucosides	Albino Wister rats	Group- 1(control ) (3%tween-5) Group-2 (std ) (sucralfate-100) Group 3, 4, 5(test) (methanol extract 50, 100, 200 mg/kg)	Pylorus ligation	Prasad ms et al., 2012
36	Salvadora Indica	Jhak	Salvadoraceae	leaves	Flavanoids, alkaloids, phenolics, terpinoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates and amino acids.	Albino rats	Group-1[control] [distilled water] Group-2[test] [extract-150mg/kg] Group-3[test] [extract-300mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract-600mg/kg] Group-5[standard] [Ranitidine-50 mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation, ethanol and cysteamine induced ulcer method	Sahoo sk et al., 2016
37	Samanea samanmerr	Rain tree	Fabaceae	Bark	Alkaloids, pithecoloban, samarin, steroidals.	Male albino rats amd albino mice	Group 1 [control] [1% acacia-10mg/kg] Group 2[control] [vehicle] Group 3[test] [extract-100mg/kg] Group 4[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 5[test] [extract-400mg/kg] Group 6[standard] [extract-100mg/kg]	Ethanol induced ulcer	Armugam Set al., 2011
38	Saraca indica	Ashoka	Fabaceae	Flower	Saracacin, saracadin, fatty acids, flavonoids.	Albino rats	Group-1[control] [normal saline-2 ml/kg] Group -2 [teat] [extract-10mg/kg] Group-3[test] [extract-20mg/kg] Group-4[test] [extract-30mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation and aspirin induced ulcer method	maruthappan v et al., 2010
39	Scoparia dulcis [linn]	Sweet broom weed	Scrophula riaceae	leaves	Scoparic acid A, scoparic acid B, scopadulciv acid Aand B, scopadulciol, scopadulin.	Male and female wister rats	Group-1[normal] [distelled water] Group-2(control) (pyloric ligated) Group-3(std) (ranitidine -50) Group-4(test) (extact-250) Group-5 (test) (extract 500)	Pylorus ligationand ethanol induced	Girish C et al., 2011
41	Sechium edule	Chayote, choko, chocho, chow-chow and vegetable pear	cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Amino acids, 8-flavonoids-3 c-glycosyl, 5-o-glycosyl flavones, gibberellins.	Wister albino rats	Group 1[control] [vehicle] Group 2[standard] [omeprazole-20mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-200mg/kg] Group 4[test] [extract-100mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer	Firdous sma et al., 2012
42	Solanum paniculatum.L	Jurubeba, jurupeba, jubeba, juna.	solanaceae	Aerial partb [twings and leaves ]	Flavonoids, steriods, lignans, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkanoids.	Male wistar albino rats	Group1[positive control] [carbenoxelone-100mg/kg] Group2 [negative control] [saline] Group3[standard] [carbenoxelone + extract] Group4, 5, 6, 7, 8[test] [extract-31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500mg/kg]respectively.	Ethanol induced ulcer	Junior GMet al., 2015
43	Terminalia chebula	Arjuna	combretaceae	fruit	Tannins, chebulic acid, glycosides, sugar, triterpenoids, steroids.	Wistar albino rats	Group1[control] Group2[standard] [omeprazole-20mg/kg] Group3 and 4[test] [pextarct-250, 500 mg/kg]	Pyloric ligation and ethanol induced ulcer	raju D et al., 2009
44	Tinostora cordifolia	Guduchi	menispernaceae	Bark	Columbin, tinosporaside, jatrorhizine, palmatine, berberine, tembeterine phenyl propene, choline, tinosporic acid	Albino rats	Group 1[control] [normal saline] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-20mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-400mg/kg]	Pylorus ligation, aspirin induced, ethanol induced ulcer model	Chandau NGet al., 2013
45	Vitis Vinifera	Goape	vitaceae	Seed	flavonoids	Wistar albino rats	Group 1[control] [distilled water] Group 2[standard] [ranitidine-50mg/kg] Group 3[test] [extract-100mg/kg] Group 4[test] [Extract-200mg/kg]	Aspirin+pylorus ligation induced ulcer model	Anand Met al., 2016

 

CONCLUSION:

Traditional medicinal systems in the world provide therapeutically useful compounds from plants. A large number of herbal extracts are used in folk medicine to treat various types of disorders. Various plants and plant extracts have significant antiulcer activity and gastric anti secretary when compared with reference herbal drugs.

 

According to the old hypothesis acid secretions was thought to be the sole cause of ulcer formation and reduction in acid secretion was thought to be the major approach towards therapy. However, in the light of recent evidences this concept has changed. Now treatment of ulcer mainly targets the potentiation of defensive system along with lowering of acid secretion.

 

Phytogenic agents have traditionally been used by herbalists and indigenous healers for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer. A number of drugs including proton pump inhibitors, h2 blockers, antibiotics and mucosal protective agents are available for the treatment of peptic ulcer, but these drugs have shown incidence of relapses, side effects and drug interactions.

 

This article highlights the various phytochemicals of the plant extracts have significant anti ulcer activity. Plant products may be safe option for the management of peptic ulcer as they have fewer side effects.

 

This review has wide scope for researchers to compile literature data of anti ulcer drugs and intense study on evaluated use of certain herbs for their better acceptability in therapeutics. Hence the review study is concluded that the herbal drug possesses anti ulcer activity. It has proved by different animal models give many links to develop the future trails.

 

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Received on 20.03.2019         Modified on 30.03.2019

Accepted on 11.04.2019       ©A&V Publications All right reserved